ABSTRACT

Artificial Intelligence is all about bringing Common Sense, Expert Knowledge, and Superhuman Reasoning to Computers. For the most part, AI does not produce stand-alone systems, but instead adds knowledge and reasoning to existing applications, databases, and environments, to make them friendlier, smarter, and more sensitive to user behavior and changes in their environments.

In the domain of Artificial intelligence, various problem-solving techniques have been developed. Though working towards the common goal of making a computer 'intelligent', all these techniques use different methodologies. Case Based Reasoning is one of these techniques. Computer systems that solve new problems by analogy with old ones are often called Case Based Reasoning (CBR) systems.

This paper answers fundamental questions like what is CBR and how is it related to human reasoning, the different issues involved in developing a CBR system and CBR's comparison with other problem-solving techniques.

Introduction

Case Based Reasoning (CBR) is a powerful technique to search and retrieve information from a collection of past experiences (cases). These technologies enable preserving and sharing best practices in service and diagnostic.

Consider a simple example of Case Based Reasoning (CBR) that deals with car diagnostics. A case stored in the case base is a fault that has been solved in the past. The case description is made up of effects, such as observed symptoms (e.g., engine does not start) and context parameters (e.g., ignition key is turned on). It can also include measured parameters for example, the state of the electronic control units obtained using testing equipment. The solution is the maintenance operation.

With CBR, you can make use of the experience captured in this case base to solve new diagnostic problems. If you encounter a new, unsolved diagnostic problem, a past case that is similar to your new problem will very likely contain an appropriate maintenance operation.

Analogy to human reasoning

When confronted with a new problem, a technician with no or little experience may attempt to analyze the problem using a Fault Isolation Manual, if there is one and if this is not an overly time-consuming task. He might also try to find the source of the problem by himself, in which case he may end up changing the wrong parts. Finally, he might ask for help, either by calling the car manufacturers technical support center or by asking a more experienced colleague.

A more-experienced mechanic can recall past cases he has solved. His intuitive thinking process is, "Have I ever seen a similar problem before? If so, what did I do to solve it?" If the more-experienced mechanic can find the solution and fix the car, his less-experienced colleague will learn from this new experience and build up his own memory of
solved cases. This human ability to learn is a key to human intelligence and
reasoning.

If the experience of its employees is indeed a valuable asset to a company, it makes sense to try to capture this experience and store it in such a way that it can be reused in the future and shared among the company's individuals. 

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A new approach to passport authentication

One of the serious issues today is about providing security and checking for the authenticity.  Here comes the question of difference between authorization and authentication in which authorization is about providing access to users while coming to authentication, it deals with the originality of user, that is, checking whether the user is the correct person to access or not.

One of the serious problems is how to authenticate the passport document for its holder. Most of the Passport document contains a holder's signature in addition, of course, to the full name. Here we present a method which uses the watermarking(Imaging) concept  at the time of passport issuing. The modern method of issuing a passport is by using a computer in fixing the passport's photo. In using this method we could hide the invisible watermark which contains the digest name and passport number inside the passport's photo. After having dealt with this process of issuing passport, it is very easy to check whether the details are correct or not by comparing the details from database and from the hidden watermark as the watermark contains digest name and the passport number.

We implement this method consisting of algorithms, one for getting values from the passport document, one for converting all the details into a single value and another for hiding the single value in the photo.

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PAPER BATTERY

    

To a piece of paper ink infused with carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires is applied

scientists at stanford university in california reported they have successfully turned paper
coated with ink made of silver and carbon nanomaterials into a 'paper battery' that holds promise
for new types of lightweight, high-performance energy storage. ordinary paper could one day
be used as a lightweight battery to power the devices that are now enabling the printed word
to be eclipsed by e-mail, e-books and online news.

the same feature that helps ink adhere to paper allows it to hold onto the single-walled carbon nanotubes and silver nanowire films. earlier research found that silicon nanowires could be used
to make batteries 10 times as powerful as lithium-ion batteries now used to power devices such as
laptop computers.

'taking advantage of the mature paper technology, low cost, light and high-performance
energy-storage are realized by using conductive paper as current collectors and electrodes,'
the scientists said in research published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences.

this type of battery could be useful in powering electric or hybrid vehicles, would make electronics
lighter weight and longer lasting, and might even lead someday to paper electronics, the scientists said.
battery weight and life have been an obstacle to commercial viability of electric-powered cars
and trucks.

'society really needs a low-cost, high-performance energy storage device, such as batteries
and simple supercapacitors,' stanford assistant professor of materials science and engineering
and paper co-author yi cui said.

cui said in an e-mail that in addition to being useful for portable electronics and wearable electronics,
'our paper supercapacitors can be used for all kinds of applications that require instant high power...
since our paper batteries and supercapacitors can be very low cost, they are also good for
grid-connected energy storage,' he said.

peidong yang, professor of chemistry at the university of california-berkeley, said the technology
could be commercialised within a short time.

 prepares a small square of ordinary paper with an ink that will deposit carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires on the surface
that can then be charged with energy to create a battery.


...it turns into a battery or supercapacitor...


...even if you crumple the piece of paper...


...it still works.

all images courtesy standford university

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